Preface                                            ix
    Chapter 1  Introduction                          1  
      1.1  What Is a Thematic Map?                   2  
      1.2  How Are Thematic Maps Used?               3  
      1.3  Basic Steps for Communicating Map         3  
      Information
      1.4  Consequences of Technological Change      6  
      in Cartography
      1.5  Visualization and Cartography             11 
      1.6  Cognitive Issues in Cartography           13 
      1.7  Postmodernism in Cartography              14 
      1.8  Scope of This Book                        15 
    Chapter 2  Symbolizing Spatial Data:             18 
    Terminology and General Guidelines
      2.1  Spatial Arrangement of Geographic         19 
      Phenomena
      2.2  Levels of Measurement                     20 
      2.3  Visual Variables                          22 
      2.4  Comparison of Choropleth,                 25 
      Proportional Symbol,  Isopleth,  and Dot
      Mapping
      2.5  Selecting Visual Variables for            29 
      Choropleth Maps
      2.6  Data Standardization                      32 
      2.7  Some Basic Map Design Elements            33 
    Chapter 3  Statistical and Graphical             40 
    Foundation
      3.1  Population and Sample                     41 
      3.2  Descriptive versus Inferential            41 
      Statistics
      3.3  General Methods for Analyzing Spatial     41 
      Data,  Ignoring Location
      3.4  Numerical Summaries in Which Location     52 
      Is an Integral Component
    Chapter 4  Data Classification                   60 
      4.1  Common Methods of Data Classification     61 
      4.2  Classed versus Unclassed Mapping          75 
      4.3  Using Spatial Context to Simplify         78 
      Choropleth Maps
    Chapter 5  Principles of Color                   83 
      5.1  How Color Is Processed by the Human       84 
      Visual System
      5.2  Hardware Considerations in Producing      88 
      Color Maps
      5.3  Models for Specifying Color               95 
      5.4  Methods for Disseminating Maps to Users   101
    Chapter 6  Color Schemes For Univariate          105
    Choropleth and Isarithmic Maps
      6.1  Map Use Tasks                             106
      6.2  Kind of Data                              106
      6.3  Type of Map                               107
      6.4  Other Factors in Selecting Color          108
      Schemes
      6.5  Details of Color Specification            111
    Chapter 7  Proportional Symbol Mapping           118
      7.1  Selecting Appropriate Data                119
      7.2  Kinds of Proportional Symbols             121
      7.3  Scaling Proportional Symbols              121
      7.4  Legend Design                             130
      7.5  Handling Symbol Overlap                   131
      7.6  Redundant Symbols                         133
    Chapter 8  Interpolation Methods for Smooth      136
    Continuous Phenomena
      8.1  Triangulation                             137
      8.2  Inverse Distance                          139
      8.3  Kriging                                   141
      8.4  Criteria for Selecting an                 145
      Interpolation Method for True Point Data
      8.5  Limitations of Automated Interpolation    147
      Approaches
      8.6  Tobler's Pycnophylactic Approach:  an     148
      Interpolation Method for Conceptual Point
      Data
    Chapter 9  Symbolizing Smooth Continuous         153
    Phenomena
      9.1  Methods for Symbolizing Topography or     154
      Nontopographic Phenomena
      9.2  Methods for Symbolizing Topography        156
    Chapter 10  Dot and Dasymetric Mapping           168
      10.1  Types of Ancillary Variables             169
      10.2  Manual versus Automated Production       169
      10.3  Creating a Dot Map                       169
      10.4  Mapping Population Density:  Langford    173
      and Unwin's Approach
    Chapter 11  Developments in Univariate           177
    Mapping Methods
      11.1  Framed-Rectangle Symbols                 178
      11.2  Modeling Geographic Phenomena and the    179
      Chorodot Map
      11.3  Dorling's Cartograms                     181
      11.4  Novel Methods for Flow Mapping           184
      11.5  Mapping True 3-D Phenomena               187
    Chapter 12  Bivariate and Multivariate Mapping   193
      12.1  Bivariate Mapping                        195
      12.2  Multivariate Mapping                     201
    Chapter 13  Data Exploration                     210
      13.1  Moellering's 3-D Mapping Software        211
      13.2  ExploreMap                               211
      13.3  Project Argus                            213
      13.4  MapTime                                  214
      13.5  Vis5D                                    215
      13.6  Aspens                                   217
      13.7  Transform                                218
      13.8  ArcView                                  219
      13.9  Other Exploration Software               220
    Chapter 14  Map Animation                        222
      14.1  Graphic Scripts                          222
      14.2  The Fundamental Work of DiBase and       223
      Colleagues
      14.3  Examples of Animations                   225
    Chapter 15  Electronic Atlases and Tools for     231
    Developing Your Own Software
      15.1  Defining Electronic Atlases              232
      15.2  Examples of Electronic Atlases           233
      15.3  Tools for Developing Your Own Software   237
    Chapter 16  Recent Developments                  241
      16.1  Depicting Data Quality                   242
      16.2  Using Sound to Represent Spatial Data    248
      16.3  Recent Research on Color                 249
      16.4  Virtual Reality and Visual Realism       251
      16.5  Computers and Geosciences Special        253
      Electronic Issue
      16.6  Keeping Pace with Recent Developments    253
  Appendix A  CMYK Specifications for Color          257
  Choropleth Maps
  Appendix B  Using the CIE L(*)u(*)v(*) Uniform     262
  Color Space to Create Equally Spaced Colors
  Glossary                                           263
  References                                         274
  Index                                              288