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Architectural Drafting and Design
Author: Jefferis, Alan / Madsen, David
Cover: cover
List Price: $86.95
Published by Delmar Publishers Pub
Date Published: 01/1996
ISBN: 082736749X
 Table of Contents
Preface xvii
SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION TO ARCHITECTURAL DRAFTING
Professional Architectural Careers, Office 3
Practice, and Opportunities
Drafter 3
Designer 4
Architect 5
Engineer 5
Related Fields 6
Design Basics 7
Test 30
Architectural Drafting Equipment 31
Drafting Supplies 31
Drafting Furniture 31
Drafting Pencils and Leads 31
Technical Pens and Accessories 32
Erasers and Accessories 33
Drafting Instruments 34
Drafting Machines 37
Scales 41
Protractors 45
Test 47
Drafting Media and Reproduction Methods 48
Papers and Films 48
Sheet Sizes, Title Blocks, and Borders 49
Diazo Reproduction 50
Diazo Safety Precautions 52
Photocopy Reproduction 52
Microfilm 52
Test 54
Sketching and Orthographic Reproduction 56
Tools and Materials 56
Straight Lines 56
Circular Lines 57
Measurement Lines and Proportions 58
Multiview Sketches 60
Isometric Sketches 62
Orthographic Projection 64
Multiview Projection 65
Projection of Features from an Inclined 67
Plane
Test 68
Architectural Lines and Lettering 71
Types of Lines 71
Line Techniques 73
CADD Applications: Drawing Lines with CADD 76
Lettering 78
Making Guidelines 79
Other Lettering Styles 80
Lettering Guide Templates 80
Mechanical Lettering Equipment 80
Machine Lettering 80
Transfer Lettering 80
CADD Applications: Lettering with CADD 82
Test 83
Computer-aided Design and Drafting in 86
Architecture
Computer-aided Design and Drafting 86
Terminology
Architectural CADD Symbols 87
Drawing on CADD Layers 88
Microcomputers 90
Productivity 90
Designing 91
Ergonomics 93
The CADD Workstation 94
Digitizing Existing Drawings 97
Optical Scanning of Existing Drawings 97
Test 98
SECTION II RESIDENTIAL DESIGN
Building Codes and Interior Design 101
National Codes 101
Fire and Life Safety 101
Climatic and Geographic Design Criteria 105
Test 107
Room Relationships and Sizes 108
The Floor Plan 108
Living Area 108
Sleeping Area 111
Service Area 112
Traffic Patterns 117
Providing Wheelchair Accessibility 117
Test 118
Exterior Design Factors 119
Site Considerations 119
Elements of Design 119
Principles of Design 121
Floor-Plan Styles 122
Exterior Styles 124
Test 130
Site Orientation 132
Terrain Orientation 132
View Orientation 133
Solar Orientation 134
Wind Orientation 135
Sound Orientation 137
Test 138
SECTION III SITE PLANS
Legal Descriptions and Plot Plan Requirements 143
Legal Descriptions 143
Plat and Plot Plan Requirements 147
Topography 147
Plot Plans 148
Grading Plan 148
Site Analysis Plan 149
Subdivision Plans 150
Planned Unit Development 152
Test 154
Plot Plan Layout 156
Steps in Plot Plan Layout 156
CADD Applications: Using CADD to Draw Plot 159
Plans
Test 161
Problems 161
SECTION IV FLOOR PLAN
Floor-Plan Symbols 169
Wall Symbols 169
CADD Applications: Drawing Floor-Plan Walls 174
Using CADD
Door Symbols 175
Window Symbols 177
Schedules 179
Cabinets, Fixtures, and Appliances 180
Floor-Plan Materials 183
Stairs 185
Fireplaces 188
Solid Fuel-Burning Appliances 192
Direct Vent Fireplaces 193
Room Titles 193
Other Floor-Plan Symbols 193
CADD Applications: CADD Floor-Plan Symbols 195
Test 197
Floor-Plan Dimensions 199
Aligned Dimensions 199
Floor-Plan Dimensions 200
Common Sizes of Architectural Features 202
Dimensioning Floor-Plan Features 203
Notes and Specifications 204
Using Metric 205
CADD Applications: Placing Architectural 208
Dimensions with CADD
Test 210
Floor-Plan Layout 211
Laying Out a Floor Plan 211
Second-Floor Plan Layout 218
Basement-Plan Layout 218
CADD Applications: Using CADD to Draw Floor 222
Plans
Overlay Drafting 223
CADD Applications: CADD Layering Compared 225
to Overlay Drafting
Test 225
SECTION V SUPPLEMENTAL FLOOR-PLAN DRAWINGS
Electrical Plans 245
Electrical Terms and Definitions 245
Electrical Circuit Design 245
Energy Conservation 246
Home Automation 247
Electrical Symbols 248
Electrical Wiring Specifications 249
Metrics in Electrical Installations 252
Steps in Drawing the Electrical Floor Plan 253
CADD Applications: Drawing Electrical 256
Symbols with CADD
Test 256
Plumbing Plans 258
Energy Conservation 258
Plumbing Schedules 260
Plumbing Drawings 260
Water Systems 262
Drainage and Vent Systems 262
Isometric Plumbing Drawings 263
Solar Hot Water 264
Sewage Disposal 264
Metrics in Plumbing 266
Adding Plumbing Information to the Floor 267
Plan
Commercial Plumbing Drawings 267
CADD Applications: Drawing Plumbing Symbols 270
with CADD
Test 271
Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning 272
The BOCA National Energy Conservation Code 272
Central Forced-Air Systems 272
Hot Water Systems 273
HVAC Symbols 274
Heat Pump Systems 276
Zone Control Systems 276
Radiant Heat 277
Thermostats 277
Heat Recovery and Ventilation 278
Central Vacuum Systems 279
Thermal Calculations for Heating/Cooling 280
HVAC Drawings 288
CADD Applications: CADD Uses in the HVAC 293
Industry
CADD Applications: HVAC Pictorials 297
Test 297
SECTION VI ROOF PLANS
Roof-Plan Components 303
Types of Roof Plans 303
Roof Pitches 303
Roof Shapes 304
Roofing Materials 311
Roof Ventilation and Access 313
Test 314
Roof-Plan Layout 315
Lines and Symbols 315
Drawing the Roof Plan 321
Drawing Hip Roof Plans 322
Drawing Dutch Hip Roof Plans 323
CADD Applications: Drawing Roof Plans with 325
CADD
Test 326
SECTION VII ELEVATIONS
Introduction to Elevations 331
Required Elevations 331
Types of Elevations 331
Elevation Scales 331
Elevation Placement 332
Surface Materials in Elevation 332
CADD Elevation Symbols 344
Test 346
Elevation Layout and Drawing Techniques 348
Layout 348
Drawing Finished-Quality Lines 351
Lettering 352
Alternative Elevations 354
Drawing Irregular Shapes 354
Projecting Grades 355
CADD Applications: Drawing Elevations with 358
CADD
Test 359
Millwork and Cabinet Technology, Cabinet 363
Elevations, and Layout
Types of Millwork 363
Cabinets 367
Cabinet Elevations and Layout 369
Keying Cabinet Elevations to Floor Plans 369
Cabinet Layout 369
CADD Applications: Drawing Millwork and 379
Cabinet Elevations with CADD
Test 381
SECTION VIII FRAMING METHODS AND PLANS
Framing Methods 385
Balloon Framing 385
Platform Framing 386
Energy-Efficient Framing 388
Post-and-Beam Framing 388
Timber Construction 389
Steel Framing 390
Concrete Masonry Construction 390
Solid Masonry Construction 393
Masonry Veneer 394
Modular Framing Methods 394
Test 395
Structural Components 396
Floor Construction 396
Framed Wall Construction 402
Roof Construction 405
Metal Hangers 411
Environmentally Friendly Design and 411
Construction
Test 414
Energy-Efficient Design and Construction 416
Energy-Efficient Design 416
Energy Codes 416
Energy-Efficient Construction 417
Solar Energy Design 419
Living with Solar Energy Systems 420
Codes and Solar Rights 420
Roof Overhang 420
Passive Solar Systems 421
Active Solar Systems 425
Test 428
Design Criteria for Structural Loading 429
Types of Loads 429
Load Design 432
Load Distribution 433
Test 435
Sizing Joists and Rafters Using Span Tables 437
Loading Reactions of Wood Members 437
Determining Wood Characteristics 437
Determining Size and Span 439
Test 446
Determining Simple Beams 447
Loading and Support Patterns of Beams 447
Design Loads and Stresses 447
Methods of Beam Design 448
Notations for Formulas 449
Sizing Wood Beams 449
Review 453
Span Tables 454
Simple Beam with a Load Concentrated at the 455
Center
Simple Beam with a Load Concentrated at Any 456
Point
Cantilevered Beam with a Uniform Load 456
Cantilevered Beam with a Point Load at the 458
Free End
Test 459
Drawing Framing Plans 460
Framing Plans 460
Completing a Framing Plan 465
Roof Framing Plans 466
Floor Framing Plans 471
Framing Plan Layout Problem 475
SECTION IX FOUNDATION PLANS
Foundation Systems 483
Soil Considerations 483
Types of Foundations 486
Dimensioning Foundation Components 499
Test 504
Floor Systems and Foundation Support 506
On-Grade Foundations 506
Crawl Space Floor Systems 514
Test 519
Foundation-Plan Layout 520
Concrete Slab Foundation Layout 520
Foundation Plan with Joist Construction 522
Combination Slab and Crawl Space Plans 525
Standard Foundation with Post-and-Beam 530
Floor System
Piling Foundation and Joist Floor System 533
CADD Applications: Using CADD to Draw 537
Foundation Plans
Test 537
SECTION X WALL SECTIONS AND DETAILS
Sectioning Basics 543
Types of Section 543
Scale 543
Section Alignment 545
Test 549
Section Layout 550
Evaluate Needs 550
Lay Out the Section 550
Finished-Quality Lines---Structural Members 553
Only
Drawing Finishing Materials 556
Dimensioning 557
Lettering Notes 558
Evaluate Your Work 560
CADD Applications: Drawing Sections and 561
Details with CADD
Test 562
Alternate Layout Techniques 563
Post-and-Beam Foundations 563
Concrete Slab Foundations 565
Basement with Concrete Slab 567
Conventional (Stick) Roof Framing 571
Vaulted Ceilings 573
Garage/Residence Section 575
Test 578
Stair Construction and Layout 588
Stair Terminology 588
Determining Rise and Run 589
Straight Stair Layout 589
Open Stairway Layout 590
U-Shaped Stairs 592
Exterior Stairs 593
CADD Applications: Drawing Stairs with CADD 599
Test 599
Fireplace Construction and Layout 600
Fireplace Terms 600
Drawing the Fireplace Section 601
Fireplace Elevations 604
CADD Applications: Drawing Fireplace 610
Sections and Elevations with CADD
Test 610
SECTION XI ARCHITECTURAL RENDERING
Presentation Drawings 613
Types of Presentation Drawings 613
Methods of Presentation 615
Rendering Procedure for Drawings 618
CADD Applications: Using CADD to Make 626
Presentation Drawings
Test 626
Perspective Drawing Techniques 627
Types of Perspective Drawings 627
Perspective Terms 628
Two-Point Perspective Drawing Method 633
One-Point Perspective Drawing Method 637
CADD Applications; Using CADD to Make 640
Perspectives
Test 640
Rendering Methods for Perspective Drawings 643
Presenting Depth 643
Shadows 644
Reflections 645
Texture 647
Entourage 648
Planning the Drawing 650
Two-Point Perspective Rendering 650
One-Point Perspective Rendering 651
Test 652
SECTION XII GENERAL CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS
AND SUPERVISION
General Construction Specifications 655
Construction Specifications 655
Typical Minimum Construction Specifications 655
Specifications for Commercial Construction 661
Test 664
Construction Supervision Procedures 665
Loan Applications 665
Individual Appraisal Requirements 665
Master Appraisal Requirements 665
Change Orders 666
Building Permits 666
Contracts 666
Completion Notice 666
Bids 670
Construction Inspections 670
Test 672
SECTION XIII COMMERCIAL DRAFTING
Commercial Construction Projects 677
Office Practice 677
Types of Drawings 677
CADD Applications: Using CADD for 703
Commercial and Multifamily Projects
Test 703
Building Codes and Commercial Design 704
Determine the Categories 704
Using the Codes 708
Test 710
Common Commercial Construction Materials 711
Wood 711
Concrete Block 713
Poured Concrete 714
Steel Construction 717
Common Connection Methods 721
CADD Applications: Using CADD to Draw 723
Structural Details
Test 723
Structural Drafting 724
Plan the Drawing 724
Procedure---From Calculations to Working 724
Drawing
Detail Coordination 725
Lettering 725
Order of Precedence 725
Occupancy 725
Test 726
Appendix A Metric in Construction 745
Unit Conversion Tables 745
Conversion and Rounding 746
Appendix B Layer Titles 749
Appendix C CABO Tables 750
Appendix D Joist Connectors 753
Appendix E APA Plywood Specifications 755
Appendix F Wood Beam Safe Load Table 760
Abbreviations 767
Glossary 773
Index 783
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