PREFACE                                            vii  
  ACKNOWLEDGMENTS                                    viii
    1  SURVEYING MATHEMATICS                         1-1
      Units: Definitions and Conversions             1-1  
      Trigonometry                                   1-7  
      Horizontal Curves                              1-27 
      Areas Bounded by Curves                        1-57 
      Vertical Curves                                1-63 
      Areas                                          1-77 
      Volumes                                        1-90 
      Adjustments                                    1-100
      Directions                                     1-110
      Slope Intercepts                               1-116
    2  ADVANCED MATHEMATICS                          2-1
      Quadratic Equations                            2-1  
      Simultaneous Equations                         2-6  
      Areas                                          2-14 
      Vertical Curves                                2-30 
      Curve Superelevation                           2-41 
      Spiral Curves                                  2-46
    3  LAND BOUNDARY LAW                             3-1
      Boundary Law Terms                             3-1  
      Deeds                                          3-5  
      Unwritten Rights                               3-10 
      Easements                                      3-15 
      Proportionment                                 3-21 
      Water Boundaries                               3-31 
      Testimony                                      3-37 
      Order of Call and the Priority of Monuments    3-40 
      Cases                                          3-45
    4  SURVEYING ASTRONOMY                           4-1
      Astronomical Coordinate Systems                4-1  
      Geographical Coordinates and their Elements    4-7  
      The PZS Triangle                               4-11 
      The Earth's Orbit and the Ecliptic             4-13 
      Solar Observation for Azimuth                  4-20 
      Parallax, Refraction, and the Semidiameter     4-26 
      of the Sun
      Observations of Polaris                        4-35 
      Observation for Latitude                       4-41 
      The Equation of Time                           4-42 
      Zone Time                                      4-44 
      Sidereal Time                                  4-50
    5  PUBLIC LAND SURVEYING SYSTEM                  5-1
      History of Public Lands                        5-1  
      Gunter's Chain                                 5-5  
      The Solar Compass                              5-7  
      Manual of Instructions                         5-8  
      Limits and Adjustments                         5-9  
      The Quadrangle                                 5-11 
      The Township                                   5-17 
      The Section                                    5-20 
      Closing Corners                                5-33 
      Corners, Monuments, and Accessories            5-38 
      Corner Records                                 5-50 
      Interpretation of Field Notes                  5-51 
      The Establishment of Aliquot Corners           5-55 
      The Reestablishment of Corners                 5-63 
      Resurveys                                      5-79 
      Lotting                                        5-82 
      Exceptions and Discrepancies in the Public     5-93 
      Record
      Rights of Possession in Public Lands           5-94 
      Meandering                                     5-95 
      Mineral Surveys                                5-97
    6  SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS AND PROCEDURES          6-1
      Definitions                                    6-1  
      Field Notes                                    6-3  
      The Compass                                    6-4  
      Optics                                         6-6  
      The Level and the Rod                          6-10 
      Grading and Leveling                           6-11 
      Transits and Theodolites                       6-33 
      Taping                                         6-38 
      Stadia                                         6-45 
      EDM                                            6-47 
      Route Staking                                  6-53 
      Errors and Statistics                          6-64
    7  LEGAL DESCRIPTIONS                            7-1
      Definitions                                    7-1  
      Priority of Calls                              7-6  
      Basis of Bearings and Descriptions             7-12 
      "Of" Descriptions                              7-15 
      Public Land Surveying System Descriptions      7-20 
      Descriptions within a Subdivision              7-25 
      Metes and Bounds Descriptions                  7-27 
      Describing Curves                              7-29 
      Describing Easements                           7-33
    8  PHOTOGRAMMETRY                                8-1
      General Definitions                            8-1  
      Formats and Cameras                            8-9  
      Scale                                          8-14 
      Relief Displacement                            8-20 
      Overlap and the Base-Height Ratio              8-24 
      Ground Coverage                                8-26 
      Planning Aerial Photography                    8-29 
      Projection Procedures                          8-37 
      Artificial Targets                             8-44
    9  GEODETIC AND CONTROL SURVEYS                  9-1
      North American Datums                          9-1  
      Map Projections                                9-7  
      The Lambert Projection                         9-10 
      The Transverse Mercator Projection             9-15 
      State Plane Coordinate Systems                 9-18 
      Short Geodetic Calculations                    9-32 
      Government Administration of State Plane       9-54
      Coordinate Systems
    10  PLATS AND MAPPING                            10-1
      Map Types and Symbols                          10-1 
      Map Scales                                     10-4 
      Topographic Mapping                            10-6 
      Plats                                          10-11
      ALTA/ACSM Land Title Survey Plats              10-13
    11  GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)              11-1
      The Space Segment                              11-1 
      Control Segment                                11-7 
      GPS Receivers                                  11-9 
      Observables                                    11-14
      GPS Surveying                                  11-18
    12  PROJECT MANAGEMENT                           12-1
      Client Relations                               12-1 
      Ethics and Liability                           12-6 
      Economics                                      12-10
    13  HYDROGRAPHY                                  13-1
      Flow Measurement                               13-1 
      Hydrography at Sea                             13-14
      Hydrographic Maps                              13-20