[ Order This Book ]
More Info:
Sample
|
Environmental Science and Engineering
Author: Henry, J. Glynn
Cover: Hard cover
List Price: $139.00
Published by Prentice Hall
Date Published: 02/1998
ISBN: 0131206508
 Sample
PREFACE xvi
ABOUT THE AUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTORS xviii
Part I Causes of Environmental Problems 1
1 THE NATURE AND SCOPE OF ENVIRONMENTAL 1
PROBLEMS
Gary W. Heinke
1.1 What This Book Is About 1
1.2 Some Important Definitions 2
1.3 Interaction of Systems 2
1.4 Environmental Disturbances 3
1.5 Public Awareness and Action 7
1.6 The Changing Role of Technology 9
1.6.1 Sustainable Development 9
1.6.2 Preventive Technology 10
1.7 Quantification of Environmental Issues 11
Problems 11
References 12
2 POPULATION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH 14
Gary W. Heinke
2.1 Introduction 14
2.2 Population Growth 15
2.2.1 The Nature of Population Growth 15
2.2.2 Population Growth in More 17
Developed and Less Developed Regions
2.2.3 Population Parameters 22
2.2.4 Population Projections and Methods 25
2.2.5 Momentum of World Population Growth 29
2.3 Industrialization 30
2.3.1 Measures of Economic Growth and 31
Industrialization
2.3.2 Technology of Production 35
2.4 Urbanization 36
2.4.1 Definition of Urbanization 37
2.4.2 Growth of Cities 38
2.5 Environmental Impact 40
2.6 The Dilemma of Industrialization and 44
Urbanization
Problems 46
References 47
3 ENERGY GROWTH 49
O. J. C. Runnalls
Donald Mackay
3.1 Sources of Primary Energy 50
3.2 Current Consumption of Energy 52
3.3 Future Consumption and Availability of 60
Energy Sources
3.4 Environmental Impacts of Energy 64
Development
3.5 Environmental Impact Matrices 69
3.5.1 Environmental Impacts of Oil 70
3.5.2 Environmental Impacts of Natural 72
Gas
3.5.3 Environmental Impacts of Coal 73
3.5.4 Environmental Impacts of 75
Hydroelectric Development
3.5.5 Environmental Impacts of Nuclear 76
Power
3.6 Case Study: Canada's Energy Situation 78
Problems 82
References 84
4 NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS 85
Ian Burton
4.1 Introduction 85
4.2 Classification and Measurement of 86
Natural Hazards
4.3 What is a Natural Hazard? 89
4.4 Extreme Events and Environmental Change 92
4.5 Impacts and Trends 93
4.6 Adjustments and Their Classification 98
4.6.1 Preindustrial Approach 98
4.6.2 Industrial Approach 98
4.6.3 Postindustrial Approach 101
4.6.4 Classification 103
4.7 A Theoretical Perspective: Future 104
Possible Responses
Problems 107
References 108
5 HUMAN ENVIRONMENTAL DISTURBANCES 111
F. Kenneth Hare
Thomas C. Hutchinson
5.1 Overview 111
5.2 The Greenhouse Effect and Ozone 113
Depletion: Global Issues
5.2.1 Carbon Dioxide and Other Greenhouse 113
Gases
5.2.2 Effects of Greenhouse Gas Buildup 115
5.2.3 The Ozone Depletion Problem 119
5.2.4 Control Measures: The Climate 120
Change Convention
5.3 Acid Rain: A Regional Issue 122
5.3.1 The Nature of the Problem 122
5.3.2 Sources and Distribution of Acid 122
Rain
5.3.3 Effects of Acid Rain on Aquatic 123
Systems
5.3.4 Effects of Acid Rain on 129
Terrestrial Ecosystems
5.3.5 Effects of Acid Rain on 133
Groundwater, Materials, and Buildings
5.3.6 Remedial and Control Measures 135
5.4 Lessons Learned 137
5.5 Epilogue 138
Problems 139
References 140
Part 2 Scientific Background 142
6 PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY 142
Gary W. Heinke
J. Glynn Henry
6.1 Introduction 142
6.2 Particle Dispersion 142
6.2.1 Particle Size, Shape, and 143
Distribution
6.2.2 Colloidal Dispersions 145
6.2.3 Methods of Expressing Particle 146
Concentrations
6.2.4 Settling of a Particle In a Fluid 147
6.3 Solutions 150
6.3.1 Solutions and Solubility 150
6.3.2 Methods of Expressing the 152
Composition of Solutions
6.3.3 Acid-Base Reactions 158
6.4 Gases, Gaseous Mixtures, and Gas 169
Liquid Transfer
6.4.1 Gas Laws 169
6.4.2 Gas Liquid Transfer 175
6.5 Material Balances 179
6.5.1 Concept of Material Balance 179
6.5.2 Guidelines for Making Material 183
Balances
6.5.3 Examples of Material Balances 184
6.6 Reaction Kinetics and Reactors 189
6.6.1 Reaction Kinetics 189
6.6.2 Types of Reactors 195
6.6.3 Determination of Reaction Rates 203
6.6.4 Principles of Reactor Design 205
Problems 208
References 215
7 ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES 216
F. Kenneth Hare
7.1 Introduction 216
7.2 Basic Atmospheric Properties 217
7.2.1 Composition and Physical State 217
7.2.2 Thermal and Electrical State 219
7.3 Energy Outputs and Inputs 221
7.3.1 Solar Radiation 221
7.3.2 Terrestrial Radiation 223
7.3.3 Surface Radiation Balance 224
7.3.4 Energy Use at the Surface 228
7.4 Wind, Stability, and Turbulence 229
7.4.1 Motion of the Lower Atmosphere 229
7.4.2 Turbulence and Stability 232
7.5 Water in the Atmosphere 235
7.5.1 Humidity and Precipitation 235
7.5.2 The Hydrologic Cycle 238
7.6 Climate 242
7.6.1 World Distribution 242
7.6.2 Climatic Variability 245
7.6.3 The Climatic System 246
7.6.4 Urban Climates 247
Problems 250
References 252
8 MICROBIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY 254
Gary W. Heinke
8.1 Introduction 254
8.2 Fundamentals of Microbiology 255
8.2.1 Classification of Microorganisms 255
8.2.2 Bacteria 256
8.2.3 Growth and Death of Bacteria 260
8.2.4 Viruses, Algae, Fungi, and 265
Protozoa
8.3 Applied Microbiology 271
8.3.1 Soil and Solid Waste Microbiology 271
8.3.2 Water and Wastewater Microbiology 273
and Indicator Organisms
8.3.3 Atmospheric and Indoor Air 275
Microbiology
8.4 Epidemiology and Disease 278
8.4.1 Sanitation and Health 278
8.4.2 Pathogens 279
8.4.3 Waterborne Diseases and Water 283
Quality
8.4.4 Airborne Diseases 288
8.4.5 Insect- and Rodent-borne Diseases 290
8.5 Noninfectious Diseases 292
8.5.1 Inorganic Contaminants 293
8.5.2 Organic Contaminants 297
8.5.3 Safe Limits 298
Problems 299
References 301
9 ECOLOGY 303
Thomas C. Hutchinson
9.1 Introductory Concepts 303
9.2 Energy Flow in Ecosystems 304
9.2.1 Estimates of Primary Production 306
9.2.2 Comparison of Primary Productivity 308
in Different World Ecosystems
9.2.3 Energy Flow in Ecosystems beyond 310
Primary Producers
9.3 Food Chain and Trophic Levels 311
9.4 Nutrient Cycles 313
9.4.1 Carbon Cycle 313
9.4.2 Nitrogen Cycle 314
9.4.3 Phosphorus Cycle 316
9.5 Elements of Limnology 320
9.5.1 Quantity and Quality of Water 321
9.5.2 Biotic Communities 321
9.5.3 Light in Lakes 322
9.5.4 Temperature and Vertical 324
Stratification of Lakes
9.6 Eutrophication 326
9.6.1 The Problem 326
9.6.2 Physical Chemical and Biological 327
Changes
9.6.3 Control of Eutrophication 328
9.6.4 Case Study: The Great Lakes 329
9.6.5 A New Challenge: Coastal Estuaries 333
Problems 334
References 335
Part 3 Technology and Control 337
10 WATER RESOURCES 337
J. Glynn Henry
10.1 Introduction 337
10.2 Water Resources Management 338
10.2.1 Importance of Water 338
10.2.2 Need for Control 339
10.2.3 Objectives in Water Resources 340
Management
10.3 Technological Considerations 341
10.3.1 Properties of Water 341
10.3.2 Annual Precipitation 342
10.3.3 Quantity of Water Available 343
10.3.4 Water Use 347
10.3.5 Options for Meeting Water Demands 349
10.3.6 Quantifying Ecological and Social 352
Effects
10.4 Planning Requirements 354
10.4.1 Purpose of Planning 354
10.4.2 Stages in the Planning Process 355
10.4.3 Formulation of the Study 355
10.4.4 Evaluation of Alternatives and 357
Their Effects
10.4.5 Adoption of a Plan 361
10.5 Legislative Controls 361
10.6 Political Influences 363
10.6.1 Pressure Groups 363
10.6.2 Management Policies 365
10.7 Future Challenges 368
10.8 Case Studies 371
10.8.1 The Peripheral Canal 371
10.8.2 The Occoquan Watershed 376
Problems 379
References 381
11 WATER SUPPLY 383
Gary W. Heinke
11.1 Introduction 383
11.2 Water Quantity Requirements 384
11.2.1 Water Demand 384
11.2.2 Fluctuations in Water Use 386
11.3 Water Quality Requirements 389
11.3.1 Water Quality Standards 389
11.3.2 Physical Characteristics 390
11.3.3 Chemical Characteristics 392
11.4 Sources of Water 392
11.4.1 Groundwater 392
11.4.2 Surface Water 394
11.4.3 Seawater 395
11.4.4 Reclaimed Wastewater 395
11.5 Water Treatment Processes 395
11.5.1 Water Treatment Plants 395
11.5.2 Removal of Particulate Matter 397
11.5.3 Disinfection 405
11.5.4 Removal of Dissolved Substances 407
11.6 Transmission, Distribution, and 409
Storage of Water
11.6.1 Transmission 409
11.6.2 Distribution 410
11.6.3 Storage 411
11.7 Future Needs and Development 415
Problems 416
References 420
12 WATER POLLUTION 421
J. Glynn Henry
12.1 Introduction 421
12.2 Wastewater 422
12.2.1 Constituents 422
12.2.2 BOD Measurement 425
12.2.3 Municipal Wastewater 427
12.2.4 Industrial Wastewater 428
12.2.5 Stormwater 428
12.3 Pollution of Receiving Waters 431
12.3.1 Effects of Pollutants 431
12.3.2 Water Quality Requirements 433
13.3.3 Need for Pollution Control 435
12.4 Wastewater Collection 436
12.4.1 Early Systems 436
12.4.2 Present Systems 436
12.4.3 Pollution from Combined Sewer 438
Overflows
12.5 Principles of Wastewater Treatment 440
12.5.1 Effluent Requirements 440
12.5.2 Treatment Processes 440
12.5.3 Selection of Treatment Method 450
12.6 Land-Based Treatment Methods 451
12.6.1 Land Application Systems 451
12.6.2 Impoundment Systems 452
12.7 Wastewater Treatment Plants 456
12.7.1 Suspended-Growth Systems 457
12.7.2 Suspended Growth Kinetics 461
12.7.3 Fixed Film Processes 470
12.7.4 Sludge Processing 474
12.7.5 Residuals Disposal 479
12.7.6 Odor Problems 481
12.8 On-Site Treatment Facilities 481
12.8.1 Waterless Systems 482
12.8.2 Septic Tanks 482
12.8.3 Package Plants 483
12.9 Government/Public Role in Pollution 484
Control
12.9.1 Government Subsidies 484
12.9.2 Direct Regulation 485
12.9.3 Municipal Bylaws 485
12.9.4 Public Involvement 485
12.10 Trends in Controlling Water Pollution 486
Problems 487
References 491
13 AIR POLLUTION 492
William J. Moroz
13.1 Air Pollution in Perspective 492
13.1.1 Introduction 492
13.1.2 Air Pollution Episodes 493
13.1.3 The Los Angeles Smog 495
13.1.4 Global and Regional Pollutants 497
13.1.5 The Principal Atmospheric 497
Pollutants
13.2 Effects of Air Pollution 498
13.2.1 Health Effects 498
13.2.2 Effects on Plants and Animals 502
13.2.3 Effects on Materials and Services 503
13.2.4 Ambient Air Quality Standards 503
13.3 Sources of Air Pollution 506
13.3.1 Identifying Air Pollutants 506
13.3.2 Natural Sources 508
13.3.3 Domestic Sources 510
13.3.4 Commercial Sources 511
13.3.5 Agricultural Sources 512
13.3.6 Industrial Sources 513
13.3.7 Transportation-related Sources 517
13.4 Control of Air Pollution 521
13.4.1 Natural Cleansing of the 521
Atmosphere
13.4.2 Air Quality Control 522
13.4.3 Particle Emission Control 523
13.4.4 Gas Emission Control 536
13.4.5 Flow Diagrams for Typical 538
Recovery Processes
13.4.6 Nitrogen Oxide Emission Control 546
13.4.7 Ambient Air Quality Control by 547
Dilution
13.5 Predicting Air Pollutant 548
Concentrations
13.5.1 Air Pollution Meteorology 548
13.5.2 Pollution Dispersion Models 552
13.5.3 Plume Rise Models 556
13.5.4 Other Pollutant Dispersion Models 558
and the Accuracy of Predictions
13.6 Air Pollution Control Costs 559
13.6.1 Coal-Fired Power Plant 559
13.6.2 Automobile Emissions Control Costs 560
Problems 560
References 565
14 SOLID WASTES 567
J. Glynn Henry
14.1 Introduction 567
14.2 Characteristics of Solid Wastes 568
14.2.1 What is Solid Waste? 568
14.2.2 Changes in Municipal Solid Waste 569
14.2.3 Quantities 571
14.2.4 Characteristics 572
14.3 Considerations in Solid Waste 577
Management
14.3.1 Protection of Public Health and 577
the Environment
14.3.2 Source Reduction 578
14.3.3 Recycling 578
14.3.4 Recovery of Energy 580
14.4 Collection Systems 581
14.4.1 Ease and Frequency of Pickup 581
14.4.2 Collection Equipment 582
14.4.3 Transfer Stations 583
14.4.4 Rail Haul 584
14.4.5 Route Selection 585
14.5 Separation and Processing of MSW 586
14.5.1 At-Source Separation and 586
Processing
14.5.2 Central Separation and Processing 587
14.6 Conversion of MSW 590
14.6.1 Incineration 590
14.6.2 Composting 595
14.6.3 Other Conversion Processes 596
14.7 Landfilling 596
14.7.1 Design Criteria for Sanitary 597
Landfills
14.7.2 Problems with Landfilling 598
14.7.3 Leachate Generation Control and 600
Treatment
14.7.4 Gas Production 608
14.8 Future Opportunities 609
14.8.1 Legislation 610
14.8.2 Collection 610
14.8.3 Incineration 610
14.8.4 Landfilling 611
Problems 612
References 617
15 HAZARDOUS WASTES 620
J. Glynn Henry
O. J. C. Runnalls
15.1 Introduction 620
15.2 Nuclear Wastes 622
15.2.1 Health and Environmental Effects 622
15.2.2 Nuclear Wastes from Uranium 628
Mining and Processing
15.2.3 Nuclear Wastes from Power Reactors 629
15.2.4 Management of Nuclear Wastes 631
15.2.5 Decommissioning of Nuclear Power 636
Reactors
15.2.6 Concluding Remarks 636
15.3 Biomedical Wastes 636
15.3.1 Types of Waste 636
15.3.2 Control of Biomedical Wastes 637
15.4 Chemical Wastes 638
15.4.1 Need for Control 638
15.4.2 Environmental Effects 638
15.5 Identifying a Hazardous Waste 640
15.5.1 Methods 640
15.5.2 United States Practice 641
15.6 Hazardous Waste Management 645
15.6.1 Quantities of Hazardous Wastes 646
Generated
15.6.2 Components of a Hazardous Waste 649
Management Plan
15.6.3 Hazardous Waste Minimization 650
15.7 Treatment and Disposal of Chemical 651
Wastes
15.7.1 Treatment and Disposal by Industry 651
15.7.2 Off-Site Hazardous Waste 653
Treatment and Disposal
15.7.3 Quantities to Be Landfilled 654
15.7.4 Practices in Western Europe and 656
the United Kingdom
15.7.5 Practices in North America 662
15.8 The Secure Landfill 665
15.8.1 Function 665
15.8.2 Acceptable Wastes 665
15.8.3 Site Selection and Approval 666
15.8.4 Design and Construction 667
15.8.5 Problems 668
15.9 Treatment and Disposal of Leachate 670
15.9.1 Combined Treatment 670
15.9.2 Separate Treatment 670
15.10 Site Remediation 671
15.10.1 Remedial Techniques 673
15.10.2 Case Study: Remediation at the 676
Seymour, Indiana, Superfund Site
15.11 Future Challenges 677
Problems 679
References 682
16 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 685
R. Ted Munn
Gary W. Heinke
J. Glynn Henry
16.1 Introduction 685
16.2 Sustainable Development 686
16.3 Environmental Impact Assessment 687
16.3.1 Historical Perspective 687
16.3.2 Elements of the Environmental 689
Impact Assessment Process
16.3.3 Design of an Environmental Impact 692
Assessment
16.3.4 International EIAs 695
16.3.5 Conclusions 695
16.3.6 Case Study: Atmospheric 696
Component of an EIA for a Coal-Fired
Power Station
16.4 Pollution Control Strategies 700
16.4.1 Economic Aspects 700
16.4.2 Ambient and Effluent Standards 701
16.4.3 Regulations for Controlling 702
Environmental Pollution
16.4.4 Case Study: Toxic Chemical 709
Wastes--The Niagara River Problem
16.5 Environmental Ethics 715
16.5.1 Ethics in Society 715
16.5.2 Environmental Consequences 716
16.5.3 Responsibility for Environmental 717
Degradation
16.5.4 Ethical Theories and Codes of 718
Ethics
16.5.5 Ethical Problem Solving 719
16.5.6 Changing Attitudes 722
16.5.7 Conclusions 724
Problems 726
References 728
Appendix A SYMBOLS, DIMENSIONS, AND UNITS 730
Appendix B PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CONSTANTS 748
Appendix C ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS 755
Appendix D SPECIAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS 758
INDEX 761
|
