Preface                                            vii
  Acknowledgements                                   ix
    Chapter 1  Geographic information systems and    1  
    maps
      1.1  The map as an interface to GIS            1  
      1.2  Spatial data                              4  
      1.3  Geographical information systems          8  
      1.4  GIS issues                                10 
      1.5  The relation between GIS and              16 
      cartography
      1.6  Examples of the application of the        18 
      cartographic method
    Chapter 2  Data acquisition                      23 
      2.1  The need to know acquisition methods      23 
      2.2  Vector file characteristics               26 
      2.3 Raster file characteristics                28 
      2.4  Deriving data from existing maps          30 
      2.5  Control and accuracy                      35 
    Chapter 3  Map characteristics                   40 
      3.1  Maps are unique                           40 
      3.2  Definitions of cartography                42 
      3.3  The cartographic communication process    46 
      3.4  Map functions and map types               53 
    Chapter  4 GIS applications: which map to use?   55 
      4.1  Maps and the nature of GIS applications   55 
      4.2  Cadastre and utilities: use of            55 
      large-scale maps
      4.3  Spatial analysis in geography: use of     58 
      small-scale maps
      4.4  Working with digital data                 68 
    Chapter 5  Topography and base maps?             77 
      5.1  Georeferencing                            77 
      5.2  Map projections                           81 
      5.3  Geometric transformations                 86 
      5.4  Generalization                            88 
      5.5  Relief                                    100
      5.6  Topographic data: mapping and charting    108
      organizations
    Chapter 6  Map design                            120
      6.1  Introduction                              120
      6.2  Symbols to portray data related to        121
      points, lines areas and volumes
      6.3  Graphic variables                         123
      6.4  Text on the map                           128
    Chapter 7  Statistical mapping                   132
      7.1  Statistical surveys                       132
      7.2  Data analysis                             135
      7.3  Data classification                       140
      7.4  Cartographical data analysis              148
      7.5  Mapping methods                           152
    Chapter 8  Cartographic tools                    172
      8.1  Requirements for the cartographic         172
      component of GIS packages
      8.2  Desktop mapping                           174
      8.3  Map production                            177
    Chapter 9  Advanced mapping environments         183
      9.1  Introduction                              183
      9.2  Electronic atlases                        183
      9.3  Maps and multimedia systems               188
      9.4  Animated maps                             191
      9.5  Scientific visualization and              197
      exploratory data analysis
    Chapter 10  Cartography at work: maps as         201
    decision tools
      10.1  Again: why maps?                         201
      10.2 Working with electronic atlases           205
      10.3  At work with the Digital Chart of the    207
      World
      10.4  Maps, GIS and the need for rule-based    210
      cartography
      10.5  Cartography, GIS and spatial             211
      information policy
  References                                         215
  Index                                              218